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The potential energy in this model is given as = {, < < +,,, where L is the length of the box, x c is the location of the center of the box and x is the position of the particle within the box. Simple cases include the centered box ( x c = 0) and the shifted box ( x c = L /2) (pictured).
The case = is called the ground state, its energy is called the zero-point energy, and the wave function is a Gaussian. [23] The harmonic oscillator, like the particle in a box, illustrates the generic feature of the Schrödinger equation that the energies of bound eigenstates are discretized. [11]: 352
The presence of degenerate energy levels is studied in the cases of Particle in a box and two-dimensional harmonic oscillator, which act as useful mathematical models for several real world systems. Particle in a rectangular plane
The density of states related to volume V and N countable energy levels is defined as: = = (()). Because the smallest allowed change of momentum for a particle in a box of dimension and length is () = (/), the volume-related density of states for continuous energy levels is obtained in the limit as ():= (()), Here, is the spatial dimension of the considered system and the wave vector.
For a particle in a box, in one spatial dimension and of length L, confined to the region < <, the energy eigenstates are = and zero elsewhere ...
The azimuthal wave functions in that case are identical to the energy eigenfunctions of the particle on a ring. The statement that any wavefunction for the particle on a ring can be written as a superposition of energy eigenfunctions is exactly identical to the Fourier theorem about the development of any periodic function in a Fourier series.
A particle speed probability distribution indicates which speeds are more likely: a randomly chosen particle will have a speed selected randomly from the distribution, and is more likely to be within one range of speeds than another. The kinetic theory of gases applies to the classical ideal gas, which is an idealization of real gases.
Unlike the infinite potential well, there is a probability associated with the particle being found outside the box. The quantum mechanical interpretation is unlike the classical interpretation, where if the total energy of the particle is less than the potential energy barrier of the walls it cannot be found outside the box.