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The quality-adjusted life year (QALY) is a generic measure of disease burden, including both the quality and the quantity of life lived. [1] [2] It is used in economic evaluation to assess the value of medical interventions. [1] One QALY equates to one year in perfect health. [2] QALY scores range from 1 (perfect health) to 0 (dead). [3]
This approach has to some extent been adopted in relation to QALYs; for example, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) adopts a nominal cost-per-QALY threshold of £20,000 to £30,000. [2] As such, the ICER facilitates comparison of interventions across various disease states and treatments.
HUI classifications measure a range of health domains with examples including sensation, mobility, pain, cognition, ambulation, and emotion. Health utility values are commonly produced using HUI as a component of the quality-adjusted life years (QALY) calculation used in population health and economics. [1]
The most commonly used outcome measure is quality-adjusted life years (QALY). [1] Cost–utility analysis is similar to cost-effectiveness analysis. Cost-effectiveness analyses are often visualized on a plane consisting of four quadrants, the cost represented on one axis and the effectiveness on the other axis. [3]
Thus, any health intervention which has an incremental cost of more than £30,000 per additional QALY gained is likely to be rejected and any intervention which has an incremental cost of less than or equal to £30,000 per extra QALY gained is likely to be accepted as cost-effective. This implies a value of a full life of about £2.4 million.
The exposure-based approach, which measures exposure via pollutant levels, is used to calculate the environmental burden of disease. [20] This approach requires knowledge of the outcomes associated with the relevant risk factor, exposure levels and distribution in the study population, and dose-response relationships of the pollutants.
Patients on the new treatment on average live an extra 3 months, so 1.25 years in total. The quality of life gained is the product of life span and quality rating with the new treatment less the same calculation for the old treatment, i.e. (1.25 x 0.6) less (1.0 x 0.4) = 0.35 QALY. The marginal cost of the new treatment to deliver this extra ...
Examples of the disability weight are shown on the right. Some of these are "short term", and the long-term weights may be different. The most noticeable change between the 2004 and 2010 figures for disability weights above are for blindness as it was considered the weights are a measure of health rather than well-being (or welfare) and a blind ...