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On necropsy, muscles are pale with areas of necrosis and edema evidenced as white streaks. [6] Horses may also develop a more chronic delayed form of the disease called Neuroaxonal Dystrophy (NAD) or Equine Degenerative Myeloencephalopathy (EDM). [8] EDM is a more severe form of NAD.
Horses heterozygous for the Ile118Lys mutation on the equine EDNRB gene—carriers of lethal white syndrome—usually exhibit a white-spotting pattern called "frame", or "frame overo". [5] [7] [9] [13] Frame is characterized by jagged, sharply defined, horizontally oriented white patches that run along the horse's neck, shoulder, flank, and ...
Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy (EPSM, PSSM, EPSSM) is a hereditary glycogen storage disease of horses that causes exertional rhabdomyolysis.It is currently known to affect the following breeds American Quarter Horses, American Paint Horses, Warmbloods, Cobs, Dales Ponies, Thoroughbreds, Arabians, New Forest ponies, and a large number of Heavy horse breeds.
Equine exertional rhabdomyolysis (ER) is a syndrome that affects the skeletal muscles within a horse. This syndrome causes the muscle to break down which is generally associated with exercise and diet regime. Depending on the severity, there are various types of ER, including sporadic (i.e., Tying-Up, Monday Morning Sickness/Disease, Azoturia ...
Myosin-heavy chain myopathy (MYHM) is a genetic muscle disease found primarily in the American Quarter Horse and crossbred horses with significant Quarter Horse bloodlines. It was added to the AQHA genetic testing panel in 2022. [1]
Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in various stages. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is a disease that affects the central nervous system of horses.It is caused by a protozoal infection that is brought about by the apicomplexan parasites Sarcocystis neurona or Neospora hughesi.
Smooth muscle: this type of muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (making it an involuntary muscle type). Smooth muscle is involved in digestion and other organs such as the eye; Cardiac: involuntary muscle that causes the heart to beat. This type of muscle has high numbers of mitochondria, allowing it to be fatigue-resistant.
Additionally, horses with a hind limb lameness will tend to reduce the degree of leg use. To do so, some horses will reduce the contraction time of the gluteals on the side of the lame leg, leading to a "hip roll" or "hip dip" and appearance that the hip drops a greater degree on the side of the lame leg. [10]