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Gladius, showing measurement of rachis and vane. The gladius (pl.: gladii), or pen, is a hard internal bodypart found in many cephalopods of the superorder Decapodiformes (particularly squids) and in a single extant member of the Octopodiformes, the vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis). [1]
These are capable of complex reflex actions without input from the brain. [1] Cephalopod intelligence is a measure of the cognitive ability of the cephalopod class of molluscs. Intelligence is generally defined as the process of acquiring, storing, retrieving, combining, comparing, and recontextualizing information and conceptual skills. [2]
The vampire squid's ability to thrive in OMZs also keeps it safe from apex predators that require a large amount of oxygen to live. [24] The vampire squid's large eyes and optic lobes (of their brain) may be an adaptation for greater sensitivity to distant bioluminescence; signs of animals, such as prey aggregations or potential mates.
The light organ of embryonic and juvenile squids has a striking anatomical similarity to an eye and expresses several genes similar to those involved in eye development in mammalian embryos (e.g. eya, dac) which indicate that squid eyes and squid light organs may be formed using the same developmental "toolkit".
A ctenidium is a respiratory organ or gill which is found in many molluscs. This structure exists in bivalves , cephalopods , polyplacophorans (chitons), and in aquatic gastropods such as freshwater snails and marine snails . [ 1 ]
Problems such as this, where model parameters (the location of the activity) have to be estimated from measured data (the SQUID signals) are referred to as inverse problems (in contrast to forward problems [11] where the model parameters (e.g. source location) are known and the data (e.g. the field at a given distance) is to be estimated.)