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Maleic anhydride is produced by the V 2 O 5-catalysed oxidation of butane with air: C 4 H 10 + 4 O 2 → C 2 H 2 (CO) 2 O + 8 H 2 O. Maleic anhydride is used for the production of polyester resins and alkyd resins. [15] Phthalic anhydride is produced similarly by V 2 O 5-catalysed oxidation of ortho-xylene or naphthalene at 350–400 °C. The ...
The oxidation states are also maintained in articles of the elements (of course), and systematically in the table {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state}}
From left: [V(H 2 O) 6] 2+ (lilac), [V(H 2 O) 6] 3+ (green), [VO(H 2 O) 5] 2+ (blue) and [VO(H 2 O) 5] 3+ (yellow).. Vanadium compounds are compounds formed by the element vanadium (V). The chemistry of vanadium is noteworthy for the accessibility of the four adjacent oxidation states 2–5, whereas the chemistry of the other group 5 elements, niobium and tantalum, are somewhat more limited to ...
The oxidation states are also maintained in articles of the elements (of course), and systematically in the table {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state}}
The chemistry of vanadium is noteworthy for the accessibility of the four adjacent oxidation states 2–5. In an aqueous solution , vanadium forms metal aquo complexes of which the colors are lilac [V(H 2 O) 6 ] 2+ , green [V(H 2 O) 6 ] 3+ , blue [VO(H 2 O) 5 ] 2+ , yellow-orange oxides [VO(H 2 O) 5 ] 3+ , the formula for which depends on pH.
Oxidation states are typically represented by integers which may be positive, zero, or negative. In some cases, the average oxidation state of an element is a fraction, such as 8 / 3 for iron in magnetite Fe 3 O 4 . The highest known oxidation state is reported to be +9, displayed by iridium in the tetroxoiridium(IX) cation (IrO + 4). [1]
Niobium forms oxides in the oxidation states +5 (Nb 2 O 5), [30] +4 (NbO 2), and the rarer oxidation state, +2 . [31] Most common is the pentoxide, also being precursor to almost all niobium compounds and alloys. [26] [32] Tantalum pentoxide (Ta 2 O 5) is the most important compound from the perspective of applications.
In chemistry, a vanadate is an anionic coordination complex of vanadium. Often vanadate refers to oxoanions of vanadium, most of which exist in its highest oxidation state of +5. The complexes [V(CN) 6] 3− and [V 2 Cl 9] 3− are referred to as hexacyanovanadate(III) and nonachlorodivanadate(III), respectively.