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Carnauba wax. Carnauba (/ k ɑːr ˈ n ɔː b ə,-ˈ n aʊ-,-ˈ n uː-,-n ɑː ˈ uː-/; [1] [2] Portuguese: carnaúba [kaʁnaˈubɐ]), also called Brazil wax and palm wax, is a wax of the leaves of the carnauba palm Copernicia prunifera (synonym: Copernicia cerifera), a plant native to and grown only in the northeastern Brazilian states of Ceará, Piauí, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do ...
in watchmaking, due to its low melting temperature (about 80–100 °C (176–212 °F)), shellac is used in most mechanical movements to adjust and adhere pallet stones to the pallet fork and secure the roller jewel to the roller table of the balance wheel. Also for securing small parts to a 'wax chuck' (faceplate) in a watchmakers' lathe. [52]
The fatty acids in wax esters derived from plants typically range from C12-C24, and the alcohols in plant waxes tend to be very long, typically C24-C34. [2] The fatty acids and fatty alcohols of wax esters from different marine animals show major differences. Wax esters of sperm whales contain C12 fatty acids and C14 fatty acid and alcohols.
A Assuming an altitude of 194 metres above mean sea level (the worldwide median altitude of human habitation), an indoor temperature of 23 °C, a dewpoint of 9 °C (40.85% relative humidity), and 760 mmHg sea level–corrected barometric pressure (molar water vapor content = 1.16%). B Calculated values *Derived data by calculation.
One possible way of assessing soil thermal properties is the analysis of soil temperature variations versus depth Fourier's law, Q = − λ d T / d z {\displaystyle Q=-\lambda dT/dz\,} where Q is heat flux or rate of heat transfer per unit area J·m −2 ∙s −1 or W·m −2 , λ is thermal conductivity W·m −1 ∙K −1 ; dT / dz is the ...
The PI is the difference between the liquid and plastic limits (PI = LL-PL). Soils with a high PI tend to be clay, those with a lower PI tend to be silt, and those with a PI of 0 (non-plastic) tend to have little or no silt or clay. Soil descriptions based on PI: [8] (0) – Non-plastic (<7) – Slightly plastic (7-17) – Medium plastic
The wax crystals typically first form at the lower circumferential wall with the appearance of a whitish or milky cloud. The cloud point is the temperature just above where these crystals first appear. The test sample is first poured into a test jar to a level approximately half full. A cork carrying the test thermometer is used to close the jar.
Strictly speaking a wax emulsion should be called a wax dispersion since the wax is solid at room temperature. However, because the preparation takes place above the melting point of the wax, the actual process is called emulsification, hence the name wax emulsion. In praxis, wax dispersion is used for solvent based systems.