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Nicotine has a half-life of 1–2 hours. Cotinine is an active metabolite of nicotine that remains in the blood with a half-life of 18–20 hours, making it easier to analyze. [151] Nicotine is metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450 enzymes (mostly CYP2A6, and also by CYP2B6) and FMO3, which selectively metabolizes (S)-nicotine.
Cotinine has an in vivo half-life of approximately 20 hours, and is typically detectable for several days (up to one week) after the use of tobacco. The level of cotinine in the blood, saliva, and urine is proportionate to the amount of exposure to tobacco smoke, so it is a valuable indicator of tobacco smoke exposure, including secondary (passive) smoke. [14]
A heated tobacco product (HTP) [note 1] is a tobacco product that heats the tobacco at a lower temperature than conventional cigarettes. [32] These products contain nicotine, which is a highly addictive chemical. [32] The heat generates an aerosol or smoke to be inhaled from the tobacco, which contains nicotine [33] and other chemicals.
Polonium in the body has a biological half-life of about 30 to 50 days. Caesium in the body has a biological half-life of about one to four months. Mercury (as methylmercury) in the body has a half-life of about 65 days. Lead in the blood has a half life of 28–36 days. [29] [30] Lead in bone has a biological half-life of about ten years.
For example, the medical sciences refer to the biological half-life of drugs and other chemicals in the human body. The converse of half-life (in exponential growth) is doubling time. The original term, half-life period, dating to Ernest Rutherford's discovery of the principle in 1907, was shortened to half-life in the early 1950s. [1]
A nicotine base and a weak acid such as benzoic acid or levulinic acid is used to form a nicotine salt. [1] Across a sample of 23 nicotine salts available for public purchase, the three most common acids used in the formation of nicotine salts were lactic acid, benzoic acid and levulinic acid. [8]
The yearly nicotine exposure rate in the US involving children went up by 1,398% from 2012 to 2015, later dropping by 20% from 2015 to 2016. [121] In 2017 the National Poison Data System stated that exposures to e-cigarettes and liquid nicotine among young children was rising significantly. [127]
The amount of nicotine stated on the labels of e-liquids can be very different from analyzed samples. [1] Some e-liquids sold as nicotine-free contained nicotine, and some of them were at substantial levels. [47] The analyzed liquids nicotine levels were between 14.8 and 87.2 mg/mL and the actual amount varied from the stated amount by as much ...
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