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In the tree model of historical linguistics, a proto-language is a postulated ancestral language from which a number of attested languages are believed to have descended by evolution, forming a language family. Proto-languages are usually unattested, or partially attested at best. They are reconstructed by way of the comparative method. [1]
Ugaritic is the earliest Northwest Semitic language to be unambiguously attested within its native context, c. 1300 BC. c. 2250 BC: Elamite: Awan dynasty peace treaty with Naram-Sin [17] [18] The Proto-Elamite script attested from c. 3100 BC remains undeciphered; the
Within an attested language, particular word forms directly known to have been used (because they appear in the literature, inscriptions or documented speech) are called attested forms. They contrast with unattested forms , which are reconstructions hypothesised to have been used based on indirect evidence (such as etymological patterns).
Below is a partial list of proto-languages that have been reconstructed, ordered by geographic location. Africa. Proto-Afroasiatic. Proto-Semitic; Proto-Cushitic;
A proto-language is the reconstructed or historically-attested parent language of a group of languages that are genetically related. Depending on the age of the language family under consideration, its homeland may be known with near-certainty (in the case of historical or near-historical migrations) or it may be very uncertain (in the case of ...
Over a thousand known languages were spoken by various peoples in North and South America prior to their first contact with Europeans. These encounters occurred between the beginning of the 11th century (with the Nordic settlement of Greenland and failed efforts in Newfoundland and Labrador) and the end of the 15th century (the voyages of Christopher Columbus).
The earliest work on reconstructing the Algonquian proto-language was undertaken by the linguists Truman Michelson and Leonard Bloomfield. In 1925 Bloomfield reconstructed what he called "Primitive Central Algonquian", using what were at the time the four best-attested Algonquian languages: Fox, Ojibwe, Menominee, and Plains Cree. [5]
The Pamunkey language is an extinct language that was spoken by the Pamunkey people of Virginia, United States. The Pamunkey language is generally assumed to have been Algonquian . However, only fourteen words have been preserved, which is not enough to determine that the language actually was Algonquian.