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Rule by a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people. [44] [45] A common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch.
The utility company claimed that the use of referendums, as a form of direct democracy, violated the republican form of government clause, which permits only a representative democracy. [21] The court rejected the challenge, finding the challenge to have presented a nonjusticiable political question that only Congress can resolve. [21]
Article IV, Section 4: The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence.
The monetary policy of the United States regulates the supply of the United States dollar. Monetary policy is governed by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. [17] The Federal Reserve is the central bank of the United States and serves as the monetary authority.
Section 416 of the Patriot Act requires the U.S. Attorney General to implement and expand the foreign student monitoring program that was established under section 641(a) of the IIRIRA [18] and record the date and port of entry of each foreign student. It also expanded the program to include other approved educational institutions.
The text of the Internal Revenue Code as published in title 26 of the U.S. Code is virtually identical to the Internal Revenue Code as published in the various volumes of the United States Statutes at Large. [3] Of the 50 enacted titles, the Internal Revenue Code is the only volume that has been published in the form of a separate code.
A few volumes of the official 2012 edition of the United States Code. The United States Code (formally The Code of Laws of the United States of America) [1] is the official codification of the general and permanent federal statutes of the United States. [2]
Substantive due process is a principle in United States constitutional law that allows courts to establish and protect substantive laws and certain fundamental rights from government interference, even if they are unenumerated elsewhere in the U.S. Constitution.