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Sample growth chart for use with American boys from birth to age 36 months. A growth chart is used by pediatricians and other health care providers to follow a child's growth over time. Growth charts have been constructed by observing the growth of large numbers of healthy children over time.
The total (crude) birth rate (which includes all births)—typically indicated as births per 1,000 population—is distinguished from a set of age-specific rates (the number of births per 1,000 persons, or more usually 1,000 females, in each age group). [5] The first known use of the term "birth rate" in English was in 1856. [6]
Replacement fertility is the total fertility rate at which women give birth to enough babies to sustain population levels, assuming that mortality rates remain constant and net migration is zero. [8] If replacement level fertility is sustained over a sufficiently long period, each generation will exactly replace itself. [8]
Crude birth rate refers to the number of births over a given period divided by the person-years lived by the population over that period. It is expressed as number of births per 1,000 population. The article lists 233 countries and territories in crude birth rate. The first list is provided by Population Reference Bureau. [1]
The net reproduction rate (R 0) is the number of surviving daughters per woman and an important indicator of the population's reproductive rate. If R 0 is one, the population replaces itself and would stay without any migration and emigration at a stable level.
Some models also display the heart rate in beats per minute (BPM). Use of this monitor is sometimes known as Doppler auscultation. The Doppler fetal monitor is commonly referred to simply as a Doppler or fetal Doppler. It may be classified as a form of Doppler ultrasonography (although usually not technically -graphy but rather sound-generating).
There is an 8.1% incidence of low birth weight in developed countries, and 6–30% in developing countries. Much of this can be attributed to the health of the mother during pregnancy. One third of babies born with a low birth weight are also small for gestational age.
The U.S. Census Bureau defines baby boomers as those born between mid-1946 and mid-1964, [2] although the U.S. birth rate began to increase in 1941, and decline after 1957. Deborah Carr considers baby boomers to be those born between 1944 and 1959, [23] while Strauss and Howe place the beginning of the baby boom in 1943. [24]