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  2. Radical symbol - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_symbol

    In mathematics, the radical symbol, radical sign, root symbol, or surd is a symbol for the square root or higher-order root of a number. The square root of a number x is written as x , {\displaystyle {\sqrt {x}},}

  3. List of unsolved problems in mathematics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems...

    Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.

  4. List of undecidable problems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_undecidable_problems

    Determining whether a λ-calculus formula has a normal form. Conway's Game of Life on whether, given an initial pattern and another pattern, the latter pattern can ever appear from the initial one. Rule 110 - most questions involving "can property X appear later" are undecidable.

  5. Square root - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root

    Notation for the (principal) square root of x. For example, √ 25 = 5, since 25 = 5 ⋅ 5, or 5 2 (5 squared). In mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number y such that =; in other words, a number y whose square (the result of multiplying the number by itself, or ) is x. [1]

  6. Surd - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surd

    Surd may refer to: Mathematics. Surd (mathematics), an unresolved root or sum of roots; Radical symbol, the notation for a root; formerly, an irrational number in ...

  7. Hilbert's problems - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert's_problems

    Of the cleanly formulated Hilbert problems, numbers 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 18, 19, and 20 have resolutions that are accepted by consensus of the mathematical community. Problems 1, 2, 5, 6, [g] 9, 11, 12, 15, 21, and 22 have solutions that have partial acceptance, but there exists some controversy as to whether they resolve the problems.

  8. Quadratic irrational number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_irrational_number

    [2] [3] Quadratic irrationals are used in field theory to construct field extensions of the field of rational numbers Q. Given the square-free integer c, the augmentation of Q by quadratic irrationals using √ c produces a quadratic field Q(√ c). For example, the inverses of elements of Q(√ c) are of the same form as the above algebraic ...

  9. Square root of 5 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root_of_5

    The diagonal of a half square forms the basis for the geometrical construction of a golden rectangle.. The golden ratio φ is the arithmetic mean of 1 and . [4] The algebraic relationship between , the golden ratio and the conjugate of the golden ratio (Φ = − ⁠ 1 / φ ⁠ = 1 − φ) is expressed in the following formulae: