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The kidney is surrounded by tough fibrous tissue, the renal capsule, which is itself surrounded by perirenal fat, renal fascia, and pararenal fat. The anterior (front) surface of these tissues is the peritoneum, while the posterior (rear) surface is the transversalis fascia. The superior pole of the right kidney is adjacent to the liver.
Sagittal section through posterior abdominal wall, showing the relations of the capsule of the kidney (pararenal fat labeled as paranephric body center left) Perirenal space. It is also called the perinephric space. Bounded by the anterior and posterior leaves of the renal fascia. It contains the following structures: Adrenal gland; Kidney ...
It is the space within the thecal sac which extends from below the end of the spinal cord (the conus medularis), typically at the level of the first to second lumbar vertebrae down to tapering of the dura at the level of the second sacral vertebra. The dura is pierced with a needle during a lumbar puncture (spinal tap).
In mammals, the kidneys are usually bean-shaped [58] and located retroperitoneally [59] on the dorsal (posterior) wall of the body. [60] The outer layer of each kidney is made up of a fibrous sheath called the renal capsule. The peripheral layer of the kidney is called the cortex and the inner part is called the medulla. The medulla consists of ...
The outer layer of each kidney is made up of a fibrous sheath called a renal capsule. The peripheral layer of the kidney is called the cortex, and the inner layer is called the medulla. The medulla consists of pyramids (also called malpighian pyramids), ascending with their base to the cortex and forming together with it the renal lobe. [59]
The CVA is an anatomic concept of the relationship of the 12th rib to the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae. [1] There is one CVA on each side of the spine. [2] The lateral part of the CVA is formed by the lower border of the 12th rib, and the medial part of the CVA is formed by the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae. [1]
The chondrostean kidney is an important hemopoietic organ; it is where erythrocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages develop. Like chondrostean fish, the major immune tissues of bony fish include the kidney (especially the anterior kidney), which houses many different immune cells. [73]
The number of vertebrae in a region can vary but overall the number remains the same. In a human spinal column, there are normally 33 vertebrae. [3] The upper 24 pre-sacral vertebrae are articulating and separated from each other by intervertebral discs, and the lower nine are fused in adults, five in the sacrum and four in the coccyx, or tailbone.