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Interhalogens are typically more reactive than all diatomic halogen molecules except F 2 because interhalogen bonds are weaker. However, the chemical properties of interhalogens are still roughly the same as those of diatomic halogens. Many interhalogens consist of one or more atoms of fluorine bonding to a heavier halogen.
In chemistry, halogenation is a chemical reaction which introduces one or more halogens into a chemical compound. Halide-containing compounds are pervasive, making this type of transformation important, e.g. in the production of polymers, drugs. [1]
Carbonyl, thiocarbonyl-, and selenocarbonyl groups, with a trigonal planar geometry around the Lewis donor atom, can accept one or two halogen bonds. [16] Anions are usually better halogen-bond acceptors than neutral species: the more dissociated an ion pair is, the stronger the halogen bond formed with the anion. [17]
Acyl substitution occurs when a nucleophile attacks a carbon that is doubly bonded to one oxygen and singly bonded to another oxygen (can be N or S or a halogen), called an acyl group. The nucleophile attacks the carbon causing the double bond to break into a single bond. The double can then reform, kicking off the leaving group in the process.
A classic example of NGP is the reaction of a sulfur or nitrogen mustard with a nucleophile, the rate of reaction is much higher for the sulfur mustard and a nucleophile than it would be for a primary or secondary alkyl chloride without a heteroatom. [5] Ph−S−CH 2 −CH 2 −Cl reacts with water 600 times faster than CH 3 −CH 2 −CH 2 ...
Aliphatic compounds can be saturated, joined by single bonds (), or unsaturated, with double bonds or triple bonds ().If other elements (heteroatoms) are bound to the carbon chain, the most common being oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and chlorine, it is no longer a hydrocarbon, and therefore no longer an aliphatic compound.
The carbon-bromine bond is more reactive than the carbon-fluorine bond. If a molecule has several potential reactive sites, the reaction will occur in the most reactive one. When comparing carbon-halogen bonds, lighter halogens such as fluorine and chlorine have a better orbital overlap with carbon, which makes the bond stronger. [4]
The bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (S N 2) is a type of reaction mechanism that is common in organic chemistry. In the S N 2 reaction, a strong nucleophile forms a new bond to an sp 3-hybridised carbon atom via a backside attack, all while the leaving group detaches from the reaction center in a concerted (i.e. simultaneous) fashion.