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During pregnancy, a woman's mass increases by about 12 kg (26 lb). [39] The European Food Safety Authority recommends an increase of 300 mL per day compared to the normal intake for non-pregnant women, taking the total adequate water intake (from food and fluids) to 2,300 mL, or approximately 1,850 mL/ day from fluids alone. [40]
In reality, only a small increase in caloric intake is needed to provide for the fetus; approximately 350 calories more in the second trimester and 450 calories more in the third trimester. [3] Also, healthy choices should be emphasized for these extra calories such as whole grain products, fruits and vegetables as well as low-fat dairy ...
Micronutrient undernutrition results from insufficient intake of vitamins and minerals. [26] Worldwide, deficiencies in iodine, Vitamin A, and iron are the most common. Children and pregnant women in low-income countries are at especially high risk for micronutrient deficiencies. [26] [50]
The EFSA panel proposes that pregnant women should consume the same volume of water as non-pregnant women, plus an increase in proportion to the higher energy requirement, equal to 300 mL/day. [53] To compensate for additional fluid output, breastfeeding women require an additional 700 mL/day above the recommended intake values for non ...
There are increased energy requirements and specific micronutrient requirements. [16] Women benefit from education to encourage a balanced energy and protein intake during pregnancy. [94] Some women may need professional medical advice if their diet is affected by medical conditions, food allergies, or specific religious/ ethical beliefs. [95]
[12] [8] Based on a couple of studies from the Dutch Famine of 1944-1945, it is stated that starvation during pregnancy and subsequent health can result in, but not limited to a some health risks including type II diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders and decreased cognitive functions later in life.