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Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water. The resulting soft water requires less soap for the same cleaning effort, as soap is not wasted bonding with calcium ions. Soft water also extends the lifetime of plumbing by reducing or eliminating scale build-up in pipes
Calcium, magnesium, and carbonate ions dissolve from rocks through which rainwater percolates before collection. Calcium salts, such as calcium carbonate [ citation needed ] and calcium bicarbonate (Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 ), are more soluble in hot water than cold water; thus, heating water alone does not cause calcium carbonate to precipitate.
Calcium deposits, primarily composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3), react with weak acids to form calcium salts that are soluble in water. The general reaction can be represented as follows: CaCO 3 + 2H + → Ca 2+ + CO 2 + H 2 O. Here, H + represents the hydrogen ions provided by the acid
Limescale build-up inside a pipe reduces both liquid flow and thermal conduction from the pipe, so will reduce thermal efficiency when used as a heat exchanger.. A descaling agent or chemical descaler is a liquid chemical substance used to remove limescale from metal surfaces in contact with hot water, such as in boilers, water heaters, and kettles.
Vinegar can also be used to clean hard surfaces and remove calcium deposits. Sulphuric acid is used in acidic drain cleaners to unblock clogged pipes by dissolving organic materials, like greases, proteins, and even carbohydrate-containing substances such as toilet tissue.
Hard water also forms deposits that clog plumbing. These deposits, called "scale", are composed mainly of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2), and calcium sulfate (CaSO 4). [3] Calcium and magnesium carbonates tend to be deposited as off-white solids on the inside surfaces of pipes and heat exchangers.
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