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In countries where dogs commonly have the disease, more than 99% of rabies cases in humans are the direct result of dog bites. [11] In the Americas, bat bites are the most common source of rabies infections in humans, and less than 5% of cases are from dogs. [1] [11] Rodents are very rarely infected with rabies. [11]
3D still showing rabies virus structure. Rhabdoviruses have helical symmetry, so their infectious particles are approximately cylindrical in shape. They are characterized by an extremely broad host spectrum ranging from plants [citation needed] to insects [citation needed] and mammals; human-infecting viruses more commonly have icosahedral symmetry and take shapes approximating regular polyhedra.
The post-exposure (post-bite) rabies protocol involves giving four or five injections over 10 days, depending on the immune status of the human patient. It is important to remember these facts:
Most cases of humans contracting rabies from infected animals are in developing nations. In 2010, an estimated 26,000 people died from the disease, down from 54,000 in 1990. [6] The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that dogs are the main source of human rabies deaths, contributing up to 99% of all transmissions of the disease to humans. [7]
Rabies does not cause epidemics, but the infection was greatly feared because of its terrible symptoms, which include insanity, hydrophobia and death. [34] In France during the time of Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) there were only a few hundred rabies infections in humans each year, but cures were desperately sought.
In October 2021, the Sarawak government has approved a total of RM7.07 million budget as part of its action plan for rabies control and complete eradication with the aim to end further human infection cases by 2022 and infection among the dogs by 2025. [39]
In 1925 there was an outbreak of rabies in cattle in Trinidad, which was first diagnosed as botulism. Humans began contracting rabies in 1929, first diagnosed as poliomyelitis. The outbreak continued until 1937, by which time 89 human fatalities were recorded. [1] Pawan found the first infected vampire bat in March 1932.
In 2015 two novel rhabdoviruses, Ekpoma virus 1 and Ekpoma virus 2, were discovered in samples of blood from two healthy women in southwestern Nigeria. Ekpoma virus 1 and Ekpoma virus 2 appear to replicate well in humans (viral load ranged from ~45,000 - ~4.5 million RNA copies/mL plasma) but did not cause any observable symptoms of disease. [24]