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  2. Central dogma of molecular biology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_dogma_of_molecular...

    A second version of the central dogma is popular but incorrect. This is the simplistic DNA → RNA → protein pathway published by James Watson in the first edition of The Molecular Biology of the Gene (1965). Watson's version differs from Crick's because Watson describes a two-step (DNA → RNA and RNA → protein) process as the central ...

  3. RNA polymerase - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase

    As noted above, RNA polymerase makes contacts with the promoter region. However these stabilizing contacts inhibit the enzyme's ability to access DNA further downstream and thus the synthesis of the full-length product. In order to continue RNA synthesis, RNA polymerase must escape the promoter.

  4. Protein biosynthesis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis

    Behind the moving RNA polymerase the two strands of DNA rejoin, so only 12 base pairs of DNA are exposed at one time. [6] RNA polymerase builds the pre-mRNA molecule at a rate of 20 nucleotides per second enabling the production of thousands of pre-mRNA molecules from the same gene in an hour. Despite the fast rate of synthesis, the RNA ...

  5. Primary transcript - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_transcript

    This DNA strand is bound by an RNA polymerase at the promoter region of the DNA. [2] Transcription of DNA by RNA polymerase to produce primary transcript. In eukaryotes, three kinds of RNA—rRNA, tRNA, and mRNA—are produced based on the activity of three distinct RNA polymerases, whereas, in prokaryotes, only one RNA polymerase exists to ...

  6. Nucleic acid analogue - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_analogue

    Common changes in nucleotide analogues. Nucleic acid analogues are used in molecular biology for several purposes: Investigation of possible scenarios of the origin of life: By testing different analogs, researchers try to answer the question of whether life's use of DNA and RNA was selected over time due to its advantages, or if they were chosen by arbitrary chance; [3]

  7. NASBA (molecular biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASBA_(molecular_biology)

    AMV-RT synthesizes a complementary DNA strand (cDNA) from the RNA template once the primer is annealed. [10] RNase H then degrades the RNA template and the other primer binds to the cDNA to form double stranded DNA, which RNA polymerase uses to synthesize copies of RNA. [11] One key aspect of NASBA is that the starting material and end product ...

  8. Bacterial transcription - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_transcription

    RNA polymerase moves down the DNA rapidly at approximately 40 bases per second. Due to the quick nature of this process, DNA is continually unwound ahead of RNA polymerase and then rewound once RNA polymerase moves along further. [18] [1] The polymerase has a proofreading mechanism that limits mistakes to about 1 in 10,000 nucleotides ...

  9. RNA polymerase II holoenzyme - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNA_polymerase_II_holoenzyme

    RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It consists of RNA polymerase II , a subset of general transcription factors , and regulatory proteins known as SRB proteins [ clarification needed ] .