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In plants, ATP synthase is also present in chloroplasts (CF 1 F O-ATP synthase). The enzyme is integrated into thylakoid membrane; the CF 1-part sticks into stroma, where dark reactions of photosynthesis (also called the light-independent reactions or the Calvin cycle) and ATP synthesis take place. The overall structure and the catalytic ...
The thylakoid ATP synthase is a CF1FO-ATP synthase similar to the mitochondrial ATPase. It is integrated into the thylakoid membrane with the CF1-part sticking into the stroma. Thus, ATP synthesis occurs on the stromal side of the thylakoids where the ATP is needed for the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.
Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and the immune response in plants. The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from one, in some unicellular algae, up to 100 in plants like Arabidopsis and wheat. Chloroplasts are highly dynamic—they circulate and are moved around within ...
The structure and function of cytochrome b 6 f (in chloroplasts) is very similar to cytochrome bc 1 (Complex III in mitochondria). Both are transmembrane structures that remove electrons from a mobile, lipid-soluble electron carrier (plastoquinone in chloroplasts; ubiquinone in mitochondria) and transfer them to a mobile, water-soluble electron ...
ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate) bind spontaneously to the three β subunits of the F 1 domain, so that every time it goes through a 120° rotation ATP is released (rotational catalysis). The F o domains sits within the membrane, spanning the phospholipid bilayer, while the F 1 domain extends into the cytosol of the cell to facilitate the use ...
This gradient is used by the F O F 1 ATP synthase complex to make ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. ATP synthase is sometimes described as Complex V of the electron transport chain. [10] The F O component of ATP synthase acts as an ion channel that provides for a proton flux back into the mitochondrial matrix. It is composed of a, b and c ...
Peter D. Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic hypothesis in 1961. [1] In brief, the hypothesis was that most adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in respiring cells comes from the electrochemical gradient across the inner membranes of mitochondria by using the energy of NADH and FADH 2 formed during the oxidative breakdown of energy-rich molecules such as glucose.
The ATP synthase of mitochondria and chloroplasts is an anabolic enzyme that harnesses the energy of a transmembrane ... (ATP synthesis and/or hydrolysis), structure ...