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The many-body problem is a general name for a vast category of physical problems pertaining to the properties of microscopic systems made of many interacting particles.
The derivation of Avogadro's law follows directly from the ideal gas law, i.e. where R is the gas constant, T is the Kelvin temperature, and P is the pressure (in pascals). Solving for V/n, we thus obtain Compare that to which is a constant for a fixed pressure and a fixed temperature. An equivalent formulation of the ideal gas law can be written using Boltzmann constant kB, as where N is the ...
Reduced mass. In physics, reduced mass is a measure of the effective inertial mass of a system with two or more particles when the particles are interacting with each other. Reduced mass allows the two-body problem to be solved as if it were a one-body problem. Note, however, that the mass determining the gravitational force is not reduced.
Physical chemistry, in contrast to chemical physics, is predominantly (but not always) a supra-molecular science, as the majority of the principles on which it was founded relate to the bulk rather than the molecular or atomic structure alone (for example, chemical equilibrium and colloids).
For example, the problem of determining the shape of a hanging chain suspended at both ends—a catenary —can be solved using variational calculus, and in this case, the variational principle is the following: The solution is a function that minimizes the gravitational potential energy of the chain.
Fick's laws of diffusion describe diffusion and were first posited by Adolf Fick in 1855 on the basis of largely experimental results. They can be used to solve for the diffusion coefficient, D. Fick's first law can be used to derive his second law which in turn is identical to the diffusion equation.
The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation concerning heat and energy interconversions. A simple statement of the law is that heat always flows spontaneously from hotter to colder regions of matter (or 'downhill' in terms of the temperature gradient).
In statistical mechanics, Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics describes the distribution of classical material particles over various energy states in thermal equilibrium. It is applicable when the temperature is high enough or the particle density is low enough to render quantum effects negligible.