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Summary. Gynecomastia is the proliferation of benign male glandular breast tissue. It may be unilateral or bilateral, painful, or asymptomatic. Gynecomastia results from excessive estrogen action or deficient testosterone action on breast glandular tissue. Physiologic gynecomastia occurs in the newborn period, during puberty, and with aging and ...
Definition. Gynaecomastia is the benign enlargement of the male breast glandular tissue with firm tissue extending concentrically beyond the nipple. Histologically, gynaecomastia is the benign proliferation of breast ducts and duct epithelial hyperplasia accompanied by varying amounts of inflammation, oedema, stroma, and fibrosis.
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a chromosome variation affecting around 1 in 660 males in which an extra X chromosome is present, resulting in a genetic karyotype of 47,XXY. Karyotype analysis is required for definitive diagnosis. The extra X chromosome leads to testicular hypofunction and testosterone deficiency, which can result in small testes ...
Hypogonadism in men may present with reproductive/sexual clinical features (e.g., incomplete pubertal development, infertility, gynaecomastia), as well as non-reproductive features (e.g., fatigue, osteoporosis, loss of motivation or concentration, irritability, low or labile mood, body image concerns). Patients may have additional symptoms due ...
Prolactinomas represent approximately 50% of all pituitary adenomas, with a female preponderance. Women usually present with amenorrhea and galactorrhea. Men may present with sexual dysfunction, hypogonadism, and sometimes gynecomastia, all related to the hyperprolactinemia. Premenopausal women present earlier due to menstrual irregularity and ...
Hypogonadism in men may present with reproductive/sexual clinical features (e.g., incomplete pubertal development, infertility, gynecomastia), as well as nonreproductive features (e.g., fatigue, osteoporosis, loss of motivation or concentration, irritability, low or labile mood, body image concerns). Patients may have additional symptoms due to ...
Liver biopsy and histology is the gold standard for diagnosis, and is performed for patients at higher risk of fibrosis or steatohepatitis. Lifestyle modification, including weight loss, physical activity, and dietary changes, is the first-line therapy. There are no licensed drug treatments, although use of pioglitazone or vitamin E may be ...
Definition. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a rare, autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by hamartomatous polyposis caused by germline mutations in the STK11 gene. The defining features are mucocutaneous pigmentation and gastrointestinal polyposis. The lifetime cancer risk is reported to be as high as 93%, including gastrointestinal and ...
Definition. Cirrhosis is a diffuse pathologic process, characterized by fibrosis and conversion of normal liver architecture to structurally abnormal nodules known as regenerative nodules. [1] Anthony PP, Ishak KG, Nayak NC, et al. The morphology of cirrhosis: definition, nomenclature, and classification.
Summary. Prolactinomas represent approximately 50% of all pituitary adenomas, with a female preponderance. Women usually present with amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea. Men may present with sexual dysfunction, hypogonadism, and sometimes gynaecomastia, all related to the hyperprolactinaemia. Premenopausal women present earlier due to menstrual ...