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An example is whether something is currently being said or was said earlier. Demonstrative constructions include demonstrative adjectives or demonstrative determiners, which qualify nouns (as in Put that coat on) and demonstrative pronouns, which stand independently (as in Put that on).
That as a demonstrative pronoun refers to a specific object being discussed, such as in "that is a cat"; [2] the word is a distal demonstrative pronoun, as opposed to proximal, because there is distance between the speaker and the object being discussed (as opposed to words such as this, where there is a relative sense of closeness). [3]
For example, the noun aerobics has given rise to the adjective aerobicized. [3] Words combine to form phrases. A phrase typically serves the same function as a word from some particular word class. [3] For example, my very good friend Peter is a phrase that can be used in a sentence as if it were a noun, and is therefore called a noun phrase.
An example of a Russian case inflection is given below (with explicit stress marks), using the singular forms of the Russian term for "sailor", which belongs to Russian's first declension class. моря́к ( nominative ) "[the] sailor" [as a subject] (e.g. Там стоит моряк : The sailor is standing there)
For example, the articles a and the have more in common with each other than with the demonstratives this or that, but both belong to the class of determiner and, thus, share more characteristics with each other than with words from other parts of speech. Article and demonstrative, then, can be considered subclasses or types of determiners.
wife wò 2SG. POSS âka that nà the ani wò âka nà wife 2SG.POSS that the ´that wife of yours´ There are also languages in which demonstratives and articles do not normally occur together, but must be placed on opposite sides of the noun. For instance, in Urak Lawoi, a language of Thailand, the demonstrative follows the noun: rumah house besal big itu that rumah besal itu house big that ...
Adjectives which express a subjective evaluation, such as gravis "serious", on the other hand, usually go before the noun. [159] Adjectives of size and quantity also usually precede (in 91% of examples in Caesar, 83% in Cicero), as do demonstrative adjectives such as hic "this" and ille "that" (99% in Caesar, 95% in Cicero). [52]
Although English adjectives do not participate in the system of number the way determiners, nouns, and pronouns do, English adjectives may still express number semantically. For example, adjectives like several, various, and multiple are semantically plural, while those like single, lone, and unitary have singular semantics. [31]