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Of operative risk factors, surgical site is the most important predictor of risk for PPCs (aortic, thoracic, and upper abdominal surgeries being the highest-risk procedures, even in healthy patients. [16] The value of preoperative testing, such as spirometry, to estimate pulmonary risk is of controversial value and is debated in medical literature.
Risk factors: higher potency corticosteroids, more frequent application, extended duration of treatment, [3] use of occlusion, infancy/childhood, location [2] Diagnostic method: Visual inspection of skin for visible signs of skin atrophy [1] Prevention: Intermittent maintenance therapy; increasing duration of interval between applications [4 ...
Rockall risk scoring system attempts to identify patients at risk of adverse outcome following acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Rockall et al. identified independent risk factors [1] in 1996 which were later shown to predict mortality accurately. The scoring system uses clinical criteria (increasing age, co-morbidity, shock) as well as ...
Minor procedure or surgery under local anesthesia (e.g., inguinal hernia repair) No extra supplementation is necessary: Continue normal dosing Moderate surgical stress (e.g., lower extremity revascularization, total joint replacement) 50 mg hydrocortisone IV: 25 mg of hydrocortisone every eight hours for 24 hours. Resume usual dose thereafter.
Bisphosphonates are beneficial in reducing the risk of vertebral fractures. [1] Some professional guidelines recommend prophylactic calcium and vitamin D supplementation in patients who take the equivalent of more than 30 mg hydrocortisone (7.5 mg of prednisolone), especially when this is in excess of three months.
The HAS-BLED score is recommended in guidelines, to identify the high risk patient for regular review and followup and to address the reversible risk factors for bleeding (e.g. uncontrolled hypertension, labile INRS, excess alcohol use or concomitant aspirin/NSAID use). [27]
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The risk of having osteoporosis includes age and sex. Risk factors include both nonmodifiable (for example, age and some medications that may be necessary to treat a different condition) and modifiable (for example, alcohol use, smoking, vitamin deficiency). In addition, osteoporosis is a recognized complication of specific diseases and disorders.