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A residual neural network (also referred to as a residual network or ResNet) [1] is a deep learning architecture in which the layers learn residual functions with reference to the layer inputs. It was developed in 2015 for image recognition , and won the ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge ( ILSVRC ) of that year.
In machine learning, the Highway Network was the first working very deep feedforward neural network with hundreds of layers, much deeper than previous neural networks. [1] [2] [3] It uses skip connections modulated by learned gating mechanisms to regulate information flow, inspired by long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural networks.
Modern activation functions include the logistic function used in the 2012 speech recognition model developed by Hinton et al; [2] the ReLU used in the 2012 AlexNet computer vision model [3] [4] and in the 2015 ResNet model; and the smooth version of the ReLU, the GELU, which was used in the 2018 BERT model. [5]
Physics-informed neural networks for solving Navier–Stokes equations. Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs), [1] also referred to as Theory-Trained Neural Networks (TTNs), [2] are a type of universal function approximators that can embed the knowledge of any physical laws that govern a given data-set in the learning process, and can be described by partial differential equations (PDEs).
Gated recurrent units (GRUs) are a gating mechanism in recurrent neural networks, introduced in 2014 by Kyunghyun Cho et al. [1] The GRU is like a long short-term memory (LSTM) with a gating mechanism to input or forget certain features, [2] but lacks a context vector or output gate, resulting in fewer parameters than LSTM. [3]
In the mathematical theory of artificial neural networks, universal approximation theorems are theorems [1] [2] of the following form: Given a family of neural networks, for each function from a certain function space, there exists a sequence of neural networks ,, … from the family, such that according to some criterion.
Transformers found their initial applications in natural language processing tasks, as demonstrated by language models such as BERT and GPT-3. By contrast the typical image processing system uses a convolutional neural network (CNN). Well-known projects include Xception, ResNet, EfficientNet, [15] DenseNet, [16] and Inception. [17]
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