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Occupancy sensor types include: PIR sensors, which work on heat difference detection, measuring infrared radiation.Inside the device is a pyroelectric sensor which can detect the sudden presence of objects (such as humans) who radiate a temperature different from the temperature of the background, such as the room temperature of a wall.
In the paper "Energy savings due to occupancy sensors and personal controls: a pilot field study", Galasiu, A.D. and Newsham, G.R have confirmed that automatic lighting systems including occupancy sensors and individual (personal) controls are suitable for open-plan office environments and can save a significant amount of energy (about 32% ...
The Emergency Alert System began to build up on most cable television systems through the installation of then-new generators and encoders between 1997 and 1999. Some of the notable EAS generators at the time include Video Data Systems, Texscan, Gorman-Redlich, Idea/Onics, and Cable Envoy; and encoders include SAGE, TFT, and Trilithic models.
Motion sensors are also widely used in lieu of a true occupancy sensor in activating street lights or indoor lights in walkways, such as lobbies and staircases. In such smart lighting systems, energy is conserved by only powering the lights for the duration of a timer, after which the person has presumably left the area.
They enable computer control via networked switches, but do not require it. Their cost is about the same as the older "dimmability" circuitry that they replace in LED bulbs, fixtures or drivers. A residential-type dimmer switch with sliding knob to change brightness. The device is small enough to fit into a regular wall box provided for a switch.
Interest in dead man's controls increased with the introduction of electric trams (streetcars in North America) and especially electrified rapid transit trains. The first widespread use came with the introduction of the mass-produced Birney One-Man Safety (tram) Car, though dead-man equipment was fairly rare on US streetcars until the successful PCC streetcar, which had a left-foot-operated ...