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Different cells have different enzymes that can add further sugars, known as glycosyltransferases, and structures therefore change from cell to cell. [6] Common sugars added include galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose and sialic acid. These sugars can also be modified by the addition of sulfates or acetyl groups.
α(1→4)-glycosidic linkages in the glycogen oligomer α(1→4)-glycosidic and α(1→6)-glycosidic linkages in the glycogen oligomer. Glycogen is a branched biopolymer consisting of linear chains of glucose residues with an average chain length of approximately 8–12 glucose units and 2,000-60,000 residues per one molecule of glycogen.
Glycogen is a long-term store of glucose produced by the cells of the liver. In the liver , the synthesis of glycogen is directly correlated with blood glucose concentration. High blood glucose concentration causes an increase in intracellular levels of glucose 6-phosphate in the liver, skeletal muscle , and fat ( adipose ) tissue.
Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure. It is part of the renin–angiotensin system , which regulates blood pressure. Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex to promote sodium retention by the kidneys.
At the cell surface, GLUT4 permits the facilitated diffusion of circulating glucose down its concentration gradient into muscle and fat cells. Once within cells, glucose is rapidly phosphorylated by glucokinase in the liver and hexokinase in other tissues to form glucose-6-phosphate , which then enters glycolysis or is polymerized into glycogen.
Hepcidin, a peptide hormone that regulates iron homeostasis. Insulin-like growth factor 1, a polypeptide protein hormone which plays an important role in childhood growth and continues to have anabolic effects in adults; Thrombopoietin, a glycoprotein hormone that regulates the production of platelets by the bone marrow
Is expressed by renal tubular cells, liver cells and pancreatic beta cells. It is also present in the basolateral membrane of the small intestine epithelium. Bidirectionality is required in liver cells to uptake glucose for glycolysis and glycogenesis, and release of glucose during gluconeogenesis. In pancreatic beta cells, free flowing glucose ...
6564 56643 Ensembl ENSG00000088386 ENSMUSG00000025557 UniProt P46059 Q9JIP7 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_005073 NM_053079 RefSeq (protein) NP_005064 NP_444309 Location (UCSC) Chr 13: 98.68 – 98.75 Mb Chr 14: 121.7 – 121.74 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse PepT 1 is a proton-coupled peptide cotransporter in epithelial cells. Peptide transporter 1 (PepT 1) also known as solute ...