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Chloramination is the treatment of drinking water with a chloramine disinfectant. [1] Both chlorine and small amounts of ammonia are added to the water one at a time which react together to form chloramine (also called combined chlorine), a long lasting disinfectant.
Dechlorination is a well-researched reaction in organic synthesis, although it is not often used.Usually stoichiometric amounts of dechlorinating agent are required. In one classic application, the Ullmann reaction, chloroarenes are coupled to biphenyl]]s.
As a halogen, chlorine is a highly efficient disinfectant, and is added to public water supplies to kill disease-causing pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoans, that commonly grow in water supply reservoirs, on the walls of water mains and in storage tanks. [16]
"Wastewater Technology Fact Sheets". Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 25 June 2015. Primer for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems (Report). EPA. 2004. EPA 832-R-04-001. Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology Database EPA.
Biological treatment is needed to treat wastewater containing biodegradable elements. It is commonly used in municipal and industrial wastewater management facilities and usually consists in adding common bacteria and other microbes, mostly environmentally friendly, to treat the water.
The main purpose of wastewater treatment is for the treated wastewater to be able to be disposed or reused safely. However, before it is treated, the options for disposal or reuse must be considered so the correct treatment process is used on the wastewater. The term "wastewater treatment" is often used to mean "sewage treatment". [4]
The Hyperion Wastewater Treatment Plant in Los Angeles, California, is one of the largest municipal plants in the United States.. Sewage treatment systems in the United States are subject to the Clean Water Act (CWA) and are regulated by federal and state environmental agencies.
Watercare Services Ltd was first incorporated in August 1991, and formed as a local-authority trading enterprise in 1992. [2] The drinking water services provider Metrowater, founded in 1997, was integrated into Watercare in 2010. [3] Watercare became a council-controlled organisation under the Local Government Act 2002 on 1 July 2012. [4]