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Appeal to higher loyalties. The offender claims the offence is justified by a higher law or higher loyalty such as friendship. [2] These five methods of neutralization generally manifest themselves in the form of arguments, such as: "It wasn't my fault" "It wasn't a big deal. They could afford the loss" "They had it coming"
The appeal to loyalty is a logical fallacy committed when the premise of an argument uses a perceived need for loyalty of some sort to distract from the issue being discussed. [1] Example B questions A's statement of x. Anyone who questions A is disloyal. Therefore, B is wrong.
The third most popular form of neutralization among college students is the appeal to higher loyalties, where the student thinks their responsibility to some other entity, usually their peers, is more important than doing what they know to be morally right. About 6.8% of cheaters in higher education use this form of neutralization. [99]
“A healthy loyalty is not passive and complacent, but active and critical.” — Harold Laski “Unless you can find some sort of loyalty, you cannot find unity and peace in your active living.”
Loyalty is a devotion to a country, philosophy, group, or person. [1] Philosophers disagree on what can be an object of loyalty, as some argue that loyalty is strictly interpersonal and only another human being can be the object of loyalty.
Appeal to fear – generating distress, anxiety, cynicism, or prejudice towards the opponent in an argument. [79] Appeal to flattery – using excessive or insincere praise to obtain common agreement. [80] Appeal to pity (argumentum ad misericordiam) – generating feelings of sympathy or mercy in the listener to obtain common agreement. [81]
The association fallacy is a formal logical fallacy that asserts that properties of one thing must also be properties of another thing if both things belong to the same group.
An appeal to advantage can also be a request from someone in a position of power to someone who is in a socially subordinate position; the request is specifically for the subordinate to perform an act contrary to the subordinate's wishes, such that the subordinate is forced to commit the act in order to satisfy a more significant need. The ...