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Appeal to higher loyalties. The offender claims the offence is justified by a higher law or higher loyalty such as friendship. [2] These five methods of neutralization generally manifest themselves in the form of arguments, such as: "It wasn't my fault" "It wasn't a big deal. They could afford the loss" "They had it coming"
The appeal to loyalty is a logical fallacy committed when the premise of an argument uses a perceived need for loyalty of some sort to distract from the issue being discussed. [1] Example B questions A's statement of x. Anyone who questions A is disloyal. Therefore, B is wrong.
The third most popular form of neutralization among college students is the appeal to higher loyalties, where the student thinks their responsibility to some other entity, usually their peers, is more important than doing what they know to be morally right. About 6.8% of cheaters in higher education use this form of neutralization. [99]
“A healthy loyalty is not passive and complacent, but active and critical.” — Harold Laski “Unless you can find some sort of loyalty, you cannot find unity and peace in your active living.”
Argumentum ad baculum (appeal to the stick, appeal to force, appeal to threat) – an argument made through coercion or threats of force to support position. [ 92 ] Argumentum ad populum (appeal to widespread belief, bandwagon argument, appeal to the majority, appeal to the people) – a proposition is claimed to be true or good solely because ...
For instance, the appeal to poverty is the fallacy of thinking that someone is more likely to be correct because they are poor. [25] When an argument holds that a conclusion is likely to be true precisely because the one who holds or is presenting it lacks authority, it is an "appeal to the common man". [26]
Loyalty is a devotion to a country, philosophy, group, or person. [1] Philosophers disagree on what can be an object of loyalty, as some argue that loyalty is strictly interpersonal and only another human being can be the object of loyalty.
Some syllogistic examples of guilt by association: John is a Con artist. John has black hair. Therefore, people with black hair are necessarily Con artists. Lyle is a crooked salesman. Lyle proposes a monorail. Therefore, the proposed monorail is necessarily folly. Country X is a dangerous country. Country X has a national postal service ...