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According to World Bank, ″Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D) include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.″ [3]
Download as PDF; Printable version; In other projects ... expenses in 2017 according to the Global Innovation 1000. ... the highest research and development expenses ...
There are five "closely associated institutions" that each have a "distinct role" [4] and together form the World Bank—the IBRD, the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), that "invests in private firms and promotes entrepreneurship", [5] the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), that guarantees loans, and the International Centre ...
By 2018, research and development constituted an average 1.79% of the global GDP according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Countries agreed in 2015 to monitor their progress in raising research intensity (SDG 9.5.1), as well as researcher density (SDG 9.5.2), as part of their commitment to reaching the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030.
IPFSD has grown out of a long precedent of UN Member States calling for sustainable economic development, an understanding that investment is a critical aspect of sustainable development, and UNCTAD's three-and-a-half decades of experience in research and policy analysis. The UN Charter promotes, inter alia, the goal of economic and social ...
Prior to joining the firm, Strongin served as director of monetary policy research at the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago after a twelve-year career in the Economic Research Department. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] He also served as an economist at the center for the Study of Economy and State at the University of Chicago and a researcher at PanHeuristics.
Kazakhstan devoted 0.18% of GDP to research and development (R&D) in 2013 and 0.17% of GDP to R&D in 2015, down from a decadal high of 0.28% in 2005. The economy has grown faster (by 6% in 2013) than gross domestic expenditure on research and development, which only progressed from PPP$598 million to PPP$714 million between 2005 and 2013.
The six principles are as follows: As institutional investors, we have a duty to act in the best long-term interests of our beneficiaries.In this fiduciary role, we believe that environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) issues can affect the performance of investment portfolios (to varying degrees across companies, sectors, regions, asset classes and through time).
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