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Osteosclerosis is a disorder characterized by abnormal hardening of bone and an elevation in bone density. It may predominantly affect the medullary portion and/or cortex of bone. Plain radiographs are a valuable tool for detecting and classifying osteosclerotic disorders. [1] [2] It can manifest in localized or generalized osteosclerosis.
Bone metastasis, or osseous metastatic disease, is a category of cancer metastases that result from primary tumor invasions into bones. Bone-originating primary tumors such as osteosarcoma , chondrosarcoma , and Ewing sarcoma are rare; the most common bone tumor is a metastasis. [ 1 ]
This bone disorder can begin to appear in the first years of life, as well as in adulthood. [1] It may present with thoracic pain, [2] kyphosis, scoliosis, vertebral body sclerosis, increased bone density, as well as abnormalities in the cortical bone and vertebrae. [1]
Multiple sclerosis, or focal sclerosis, [2] is a central nervous system disease which affects coordination. Osteosclerosis, a condition where the bone density is significantly increased, resulting in decreased lucency on radiographs. Otosclerosis, a disease of the ears. Primary lateral sclerosis, progressive muscle weakness in the voluntary ...
Metastases that exist in the lung, breast, prostate, colon, thyroid, and further organs can also enter the liver or bone. [12] Cancers that are already present in certain organs and tissues can produce alkaline phosphatase elevations if metastasis is not present.
Pain may increase with the growth of the tumor and may be worse at night and at rest. [1] [3] A bone tumor might present with an unexplained broken bone; with little or no trauma. [2] Additional symptoms may include fatigue, fever, weight loss, anemia and nausea. [2] [3] If the tumor presses a nerve, neurological signs may be present. [1]
Sclerosteosis is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by bone overgrowth. It was first described in 1958 [1] [2] but given the current name in 1967. [3] Excessive bone formation is most prominent in the skull, mandible and tubular bones. [1] It can cause facial distortion and syndactyly. [1]
In case of continued stress, a fracture line through the thickened cortex and a region of sclerosis may be observed. MRI is of great value for early diagnosis and displaying bone marrow edema, while scintigraphy is useful for showing increased metabolic activity within the bone. However, MRI is preferred since scintigraphy lacks specificity.