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A nuclear localization signal (NLS) is a target peptide that directs proteins to the nucleus and is often a unit consisting of five basic, positively charged amino acids. The NLS normally is located anywhere on the peptide chain. A nuclear export signal (NES) is a target peptide that directs proteins from the nucleus back to the cytosol. It ...
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are short peptides that facilitate cellular intake and uptake of molecules ranging from nanosize particles to small chemical compounds to large fragments of DNA. The "cargo" is associated with the peptides either through chemical linkage via covalent bonds or through non-covalent interactions .
The bipartite NLS is now known to represent the major class of NLS found in cellular nuclear proteins [14] and structural analysis has revealed how the signal is recognized by a receptor (importin α) protein [15] (the structural basis of some monopartite NLSs is also known [16]). Many of the molecular details of nuclear protein import are now ...
Peptides can perform interactions with proteins and other macromolecules. They are responsible for numerous important functions in human cells, such as cell signaling, and act as immune modulators. [21] Indeed, studies have reported that 15-40% of all protein-protein interactions in human cells are mediated by peptides. [22]
The peptide chain can be cross-linked to the peptide chain of another strand forming the 3D mesh-like layer. [1] [2] Peptidoglycan serves a structural role in the bacterial cell wall, giving structural strength, as well as counteracting the osmotic pressure of the cytoplasm. This repetitive linking results in a dense peptidoglycan layer which ...
Examples include motor proteins, such as myosin, which is responsible for muscle contraction, kinesin, which moves cargo inside cells away from the nucleus along microtubules, and dynein, which moves cargo inside cells towards the nucleus and produces the axonemal beating of motile cilia and flagella. "[I]n effect, the [motile cilium] is a ...
A signal peptide (sometimes referred to as signal sequence, targeting signal, localization signal, localization sequence, transit peptide, leader sequence or leader peptide) is a short peptide (usually 16-30 amino acids long) [1] present at the N-terminus (or occasionally nonclassically at the C-terminus [2] or internally) of most newly synthesized proteins that are destined toward the ...
Computer analysis of known NESs found the most common spacing of the hydrophobic residues to be LxxxLxxLxL, where "L" is a hydrophobic residue (often leucine) and "x" is any other amino acid; the spacing of these hydrophobic residues may be explained by examination of known structures that contain an NES, as the critical residues usually lie in the same face of adjacent secondary structures ...