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Belknap was the last volcano to erupt in the Three Sisters area. [21] Basaltic andesite dominates the eruptive material in the local mafic volcanoes, which range from early Pleistocene to Holocene age. [22] Belknap is one of the larger mafic volcanoes in the Sisters Reach, more than 30 of which run continuously along the segment. [22]
In other words, the rock was originally produced by a volcano, either as lava or tephra. The rock was then subjected to high pressure, high temperature or both, for example by burial under younger rocks, causing the original volcanic rock to recrystallize. Metavolcanic rocks are sometimes described informally as metavolcanics. [2]
The mafic rocks also typically have a higher density than felsic rocks. The term roughly corresponds to the older basic rock class. [9] Mafic lava, before cooling, has a low viscosity, in comparison with felsic lava, due to the lower silica content in mafic magma. Water and other volatiles can more easily and gradually escape from mafic lava.
Rhomb porphyry is an example with large rhomb shaped phenocrysts embedded in a very fine grained matrix. [4] Volcanic rocks often have a vesicular texture caused by voids left by volatiles trapped in the molten lava. Pumice is a highly vesicular rock produced in explosive volcanic eruptions. [citation needed]
The youngest mafic volcano in the Lassen volcanic center, [53] it is surrounded by unvegetated block lava and has concentric craters at its summit. [52] Cinder Cone is comprised by five basaltic andesite and andesite lava flows, and it also has two cinder cone volcanoes, with two scoria cones, the first of which was mostly destroyed by lava ...
The island is an example of hotspot volcanism, [1] with mainly mafic volcanic and igneous rocks, together with smaller deposits of limestone, lignite and other sediments that record its long-running uplift. Distribution of the islands of the archipelago (not including the Savage Islands)
Cinder cone volcanoes are typically monogenetic, meaning that they only undergo one eruptive period before ceasing activity forever. These eruptions often consist of the ejection of tephra , though they may also generate lava flows, which often originate from vents near the base rather than the summit of the volcanic edifice.
An example is the massive Level Mountain shield volcano in northern British Columbia, Canada, which covers an area of 1,800 km 2 (690 sq mi) and a volume of 860 km 3 (210 cu mi). [ 1 ] Perhaps the most extensive of all the subaerial basaltic plateaus existed during the Paleogene [ 2 ] and possibly extended over 1,800,000 km 2 (690,000 sq mi) of ...