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Because of this predicament, production ceased early in the 1900s. Nitrocellulose was briefly known as "mother-in-law silk". [54] Frank Hastings Griffin invented the double-godet, a special stretch-spinning process that changed artificial silk to rayon, rendering it usable in many industrial products such as tire cords and clothing. [55]
Nitrocellulose is invented by Christian Schoenbein. [6] 1846: Nitroglycerin is invented by Ascanio Sobrero. It is the first practical explosive stronger than gunpowder. [7] [8] 1863 TNT is invented by Julius Wilbrand, but used only as a yellow dye. [9] Sep 3, 1864
Nitrocellulose is guncotton, the first replacement propellant for gun powder in firearms. A can of decomposing nitrate film Film stock with a nitrate base was the first transparent flexible plasticized base commercially available, thanks to celluloid developments by John Carbutt , Hannibal Goodwin , and Eastman Kodak in the 1880s.
Celluloids are a class of materials produced by mixing nitrocellulose and camphor, often with added dyes and other agents.Once much more common for its use as photographic film before the advent of safer methods, celluloid's common present-day uses are for manufacturing table tennis balls, musical instruments, combs, office equipment, fountain pen bodies, and guitar picks.
In 1884, Paul Vieille invented a smokeless powder called Poudre B (short for poudre blanche, white powder, as distinguished from black powder) [7]: 289–292 made from 68.2% insoluble nitrocellulose, 29.8% soluble nitrocellulose gelatinized with ether and 2% paraffin. This was adopted for the Lebel rifle chambered in 8×50mmR Lebel.
The following year, 1887, Alfred Nobel invented and patented a smokeless propellant he called Ballistite. [11] It was composed of 10% camphor, 45% nitroglycerine and 45% collodion (nitrocellulose). Over time the camphor tended to evaporate, leaving an unstable explosive. [12]
Nobel's patent specified that the nitrocellulose should be "of the well-known soluble kind". He offered to sell the rights of the new explosive to the French government, but they declined. Modern research shows that Vieille already discovered it in 1884-1885, about the same time as his Poudre B , and noted its high flame temperatures leading to ...
Aided by his brother Isaiah, [2] Hyatt experimented with Parkesine, a hardened form of nitrocellulose. [3] Parkesine had been invented by the Englishman Alexander Parkes in 1862, and is considered the first true plastic, although it was not a success as a commercial or industrial product.