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Leukocytosis is a condition in which the white cell count is above the normal range in the blood. [1] [2] It is frequently a sign of an inflammatory response, [3] most commonly the result of infection, but may also occur following certain parasitic infections or bone tumors as well as leukemia.
The clinical signs and symptoms of leukostasis are non-specific but should be suspected in susceptible individuals with leukemia, a high white blood cell count (e.g., over 100,000), and new-onset neurologic or respiratory signs or symptoms. Rales may be heard when listening to the lungs with a stethoscope. [6]
Conventionally, a leukocytosis exceeding 50,000 WBC/mm 3 with a significant increase in early neutrophil precursors is referred to as a leukemoid reaction. [2] The peripheral blood smear may show myelocytes, metamyelocytes, promyelocytes, and rarely myeloblasts; however, there is a mixture of early mature neutrophil precursors, in contrast to the immature forms typically seen in acute leukemia.
CRS occurs when large numbers of white blood cells, including B cells, T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and monocytes are activated and release inflammatory cytokines, which activate more white blood cells in a positive feedback loop of pathogenic inflammation. [5]
Tachypnea (high respiratory rate), with greater than 20 breaths per minute; or, an arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide less than 4.3 kPa (32 mmHg) White blood cell count less than 4000 cells/mm³ (4 x 10 9 cells/L) or greater than 12,000 cells/mm³ (12 x 10 9 cells/L); or the presence of greater than 10% immature neutrophils (band forms
Neutrophils are the primary white blood cells that respond to a bacterial infection, so the most common cause of neutrophilia is a bacterial infection, especially pyogenic infections. [2] Neutrophils are also increased in any acute inflammation, so will be raised after a heart attack, [2] other infarct or burns. [2]
Monocytes are white blood cells that give rise to macrophages and dendritic cells in the immune system. In humans, monocytosis occurs when there is a sustained rise in monocyte counts greater than 800/mm 3 to 1000/mm 3. [2] Monocytosis has sometimes been called mononucleosis, [3] but that name is usually reserved specifically for infectious ...
Sweet syndrome (SS), or acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, [1] [2] is a skin disease characterized by the sudden onset of fever, an elevated white blood cell count, and tender, red, well-demarcated papules and plaques that show dense infiltrates by neutrophil granulocytes on histologic examination.