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Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and medication [10] [11] which is involved in regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration). [10] [12] It appears as a white microcrystalline granule. [13] Adrenaline is normally produced by the adrenal glands and by a small number of neurons in the medulla oblongata. [14]
Approximately 20% noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and 80% adrenaline (epinephrine) are secreted here. [19] The adrenal medulla is driven by the sympathetic nervous system via preganglionic fibers originating in the thoracic spinal cord, from vertebrae T5–T11. [20]
The secreted adrenaline and noradrenaline play an important role in the sympathetic nervous system response, commonly called the fight-or-flight response. The enkephalins and enkephalin-containing peptides are related to, but distinct from endogenous peptides named endorphins (which are secreted from the pituitary); all of these peptides bind ...
Epinephrine is normally produced by both the adrenal glands and a small number of neurons in the brain, where it acts as a neurotransmitter. [10] [13] It plays an essential role in the fight-or-flight response by increasing blood flow to muscles, heart output, pupil dilation, and blood sugar.
It is the innermost part of the adrenal gland, consisting of chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines, including epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and a small amount of dopamine, in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons.
The mechanism lies in epinephrine being secreted by the adrenal medulla and activating glycogenolysis (the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, or promoting gluconeogenesis (glucose formation). While epinephrine has a greater effect in glucose production, norepinephrine can also increase glucose levels but at high concentrations.
Epinephrine, a neurotransmitter and hormone is synthesized from tyrosine. It is released from the adrenal glands and also plays a role in the fight-or-flight response. Epinephrine has vasoconstrictive effects, which promote increased heart rate, blood pressure, energy
Androstenedione (Andro): an androgenic steroid produced by the testes, adrenal cortex, and ovaries. While androstenediones are converted metabolically to testosterone and other androgens, they are also the parent structure of estrone. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA): It is the primary precursor of natural estrogens.