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The phenomenon of the gut–memory connection is based on and part of the idea of the gut-brain axis, a complex communication network, linking the central nervous system to the gut. The gut-brain axis first gained significant momentum in research and formal recognition in the 20th century with advancements in neuroscience and gastroenterology ...
The gut–brain axis, a bidirectional neurohumoral communication system, is important for maintaining homeostasis and is regulated through the central and enteric nervous systems and the neural, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways, and especially including the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis). [2]
The mechanisms of autism are divided into two main areas: pathophysiology of brain structures and processes, and neuropsychological linkages between brain structures and behaviors, with multiple pathophysiologies linked to various autism behaviors. [10] Evidence suggests gut–brain axis abnormalities may contribute to autism.
Since brain circuits are vulnerable in early childhood, early stressors may impact the development of necessary brain connections. [4] Therefore, the theory of toxic stress is that stress might alter or impair brain circuit formation and essentially result in a small brain size in young children. [4]
A 2018 review suggests that the frequent association of gastrointestinal disorders and autism is due to abnormalities of the gut–brain axis. [109] The "leaky gut syndrome" hypothesis developed by Andrew Wakefield, known for his fraudulent study on another cause of autism, is popular among parents of children with autism.
Theories include combinations of "gut–brain axis" problems, alterations in gut motility, visceral hypersensitivity, infections including small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, neurotransmitters, genetic factors, and food sensitivity. [2] Onset may be triggered by a stressful life event, [16] or an intestinal infection. [17]
The manual has been translated into several languages and it is used globally for the assessment of children up to five years of age. The DC: 0-5 is intended to be used in tandem with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM-5 ) and the International Classification of Diseases ( ICD-11 ).
Infant cognitive development is the first stage of human cognitive development, in the youngest children.The academic field of infant cognitive development studies of how psychological processes involved in thinking and knowing develop in young children. [1]