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Example: The final value of a 7-year annuity-due with a nominal annual interest rate of 9% and monthly payments of $100 can be calculated by: FV due ( 0.09 12 , 7 × 12 , $ 100 ) = $ 100 × s ¨ 84 ¯ | 0.0075 = $ 11 , 730.01. {\displaystyle {\text{FV}}_{\text{due}}\left({\frac {0.09}{12}},7\times 12,\$100\right)=\$100\times {\ddot {s ...
Actuarial notation is a shorthand method to allow actuaries to record mathematical formulas that deal with interest rates and life tables. Traditional notation uses a halo system, where symbols are placed as superscript or subscript before or after the main letter. Example notation using the halo system can be seen below.
A propositional formula may also be called a propositional expression, a sentence, [1] or a sentential formula. A propositional formula is constructed from simple propositions, such as "five is greater than three" or propositional variables such as p and q, using connectives or logical operators such as NOT, AND, OR, or IMPLIES; for example:
Different sets of allowed Boolean functions lead to different problem versions. As an example, R(¬x,a,b) is a generalized clause, and R(¬x,a,b) ∧ R(b,y,c) ∧ R(c,d,¬z) is a generalized conjunctive normal form. This formula is used below, with R being the ternary operator that is TRUE just when exactly one of its arguments is.
Since all propositional formulas can be converted into an equivalent formula in conjunctive normal form, proofs are often based on the assumption that all formulae are CNF. However, in some cases this conversion to CNF can lead to an exponential explosion of the formula. For example, translating the non-CNF formula
For example, instead of A function f is even if and only if f(−x) = f(x) for all x; write A function f is even if f(−x) = f(x) for all x. If it is reasonable to do so, rephrase the sentence to avoid the use of the word "if" entirely. For example, An even function is a function f such that f(−x) = f(x) for all x
In financial accounting, a balance sheet (also known as statement of financial position or statement of financial condition) is a summary of the financial balances of an individual or organization, whether it be a sole proprietorship, a business partnership, a corporation, private limited company or other organization such as government or not-for-profit entity.
gretl is an example of an open-source statistical package. ADaMSoft – a generalized statistical software with data mining algorithms and methods for data management; ADMB – a software suite for non-linear statistical modeling based on C++ which uses automatic differentiation; Chronux – for neurobiological time series data; DAP – free ...