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Bilingualism is the regular use of two fluent languages, and bilinguals are those individuals who need and use two (or more) languages in their everyday lives. [1] A person's bilingual memories are heavily dependent on the person's fluency, the age the second language was acquired, and high language proficiency to both languages. [2]
Neuroscience of multilingualism is the study of multilingualism within the field of neurology.These studies include the representation of different language systems in the brain, the effects of multilingualism on the brain's structural plasticity, aphasia in multilingual individuals, and bimodal bilinguals (people who can speak at least one sign language and at least one oral language).
A bilingual individual is traditionally defined as someone who understands and produces two languages on a regular basis. [4] A bilingual individual's initial exposure to both languages may start in early childhood, e.g. before age 3, [5] but exposure may also begin later in life, in monolingual or bilingual education.
The main purpose of theories of second-language acquisition (SLA) is to shed light on how people who already know one language learn a second language.The field of second-language acquisition involves various contributions, such as linguistics, sociolinguistics, psychology, cognitive science, neuroscience, and education.
With the amount of bilinguals increasing worldwide, psycholinguists have begun to look at how the brain represents multiple languages. The mental lexicon is a focus of research on differences between monolingual and multilingual brains. Research during past decades shows that bilingual brains have special neural connections. [1]
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of linguistics focusing on the study of multilingualism, including bilingual language competence, perception and production, bilingual language acquisition in children and adults, neurolinguistics of bilingualism (in normal and brain-damaged populations), and non-linguistic cognitive processes in bilinguals.
This model suggests that the lexicon for bilingual speakers combines the languages, and access occurs across both languages at the same time. [17] Revised Hierarchical Model, developed by Kroll and Stewart, is a model suggesting that bilingual brains store meanings in a common place, word-forms are separated by language. [18]
The results were consistent with the prediction and demonstrate a strong correlation between lifelong bilingualism and preserved white matter integrity, which might ultimately contribute to the higher level of brain reserve found in these bilingual individuals. A possible explanation holds that continued experience in the maintenance and ...