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The Riefler escapement is a mechanical escapement for precision pendulum clocks invented and patented [1] by German instrument maker Sigmund Riefler in 1889. [2] It was used in the astronomical regulator clocks made by his German firm Clemens Riefler from 1890 to 1965, [3] which were perhaps the most accurate all-mechanical pendulum clocks made.
Invar is used where high dimensional stability is required, such as precision instruments, clocks, seismic creep gauges, color-television tubes' shadow-mask frames, [14] valves in engines and large aerostructure molds. [15] One of its first applications was in watch balance wheels and pendulum rods for precision regulator clocks.
A pendulum clock is a clock that uses a pendulum, a swinging weight, as its timekeeping element. The advantage of a pendulum for timekeeping is that it is an approximate harmonic oscillator : It swings back and forth in a precise time interval dependent on its length, and resists swinging at other rates.
On the left is the primary pendulum in its vacuum tank. The Shortt–Synchronome free pendulum clock is a complex precision electromechanical pendulum clock invented in 1921 by British railway engineer William Hamilton Shortt in collaboration with horologist Frank Hope-Jones, [1] and manufactured by the Synchronome Company, Ltd., of London. [2]
Original drawing (c. 1637) of Galileo's pendulum clock and escapement. Galileo's escapement is a design for a clock escapement, invented around 1637 by Italian scientist Galileo Galilei. It was the earliest design of a pendulum clock. Since he was blind by then, Galileo described the device to his son, who drew a sketch of it. The son began ...
The escapement is a mechanism in a mechanical clock that maintains the swing of the pendulum by giving it a small push each swing, and allows the clock's wheels to advance a fixed amount with each swing, moving the clock's hands forward. The anchor escapement was so named because one of its principal parts is shaped vaguely like a ship's anchor.
A balance wheel, or balance, is the timekeeping device used in mechanical watches and small clocks, analogous to the pendulum in a pendulum clock.It is a weighted wheel that rotates back and forth, being returned toward its center position by a spiral torsion spring, known as the balance spring or hairspring.
Therefore, another type of temperature-compensated pendulum, the mercury pendulum invented in 1721 by George Graham, was used in the highest-precision clocks. [8]: p.289 [4] By 1900, the highest-precision astronomical regulator clocks used pendulum rods of low thermal expansion materials such as invar [3] [2] and fused quartz. [4]