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The progestin Levonorgestrel was detected in fish blood plasma at concentrations between 8.5 and 12 ng mL-1 which exceed the human therapeutic plasma level. The measured effluent level of Levonorgestrel in the three areas was shown to reduce the fertility of the rainbow trout.
Diuretics, also known as water pills, are commonly prescribed to treat high blood pressure and kidney disease. They help the body reduce excess salt and water by making the kidneys produce more urine.
Maternal PM 2.5 exposure during pregnancy is also associated with high blood pressure in children. [218] Inhalation of PM 2.5 – PM 10 is associated with elevated risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as low birth weight. [219] Exposure to PM 2.5 has been associated with greater reductions in birth weight than exposure to PM 10. [220]
Particulate matter (PM), particularly PM2.5, was found to be harmful to aquatic invertebrates. [41] These aquatic invertebrates include fish, crustaceans, and Mollusca. In a study by Han et al, the effects of PM<2.5 micrometers on life history traits and oxidative stress were observed in Tigriopus japonicus.
There is strong evidence that air pollution increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, including stroke, high blood pressure, and ischemic heart disease. [151] According to the Global Burden of Disease Study , air pollution is responsible for 27% of deaths from strokes worldwide and 28% of ischemic heart disease. [ 152 ]
Antihypertensive therapy seeks to prevent the complications of high blood pressure, such as stroke, heart failure, kidney failure and myocardial infarction. Evidence suggests that a reduction of blood pressure by 5 mmHg can decrease the risk of stroke by 34% and of ischaemic heart disease by 21%.
The guidelines stipulate that PM 2.5 should not exceed 5 μg/m 3 annual mean, or 15 μg/m 3 24-hour mean; and that PM 10 should not exceed 15 μg/m 3 annual mean, or 45 μg/m 3 24-hour mean. [2] For ozone (O 3 ), the guidelines suggest values no higher than 100 μg/m 3 for an 8-hour mean and 60 μg/m 3 peak season mean. [ 2 ]
Aliskiren (brand names Tekturna and Rasilez) is the first in a class of drugs called direct renin inhibitors.It is used for essential (primary) hypertension. [2] While used for high blood pressure, other better studied medications are typically recommended due to concerns of higher side effects and less evidence of benefit.