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Tournament theory is the theory in personnel economics used to describe certain situations where wage differences are based not on marginal productivity but instead upon relative differences between the individuals. [1] This theory was invented by economists Edward Lazear and Sherwin Rosen. [2]
Fritz Heider discovered Attribution theory during a time when psychologists were furthering research on personality, social psychology, and human motivation. [5] Heider worked alone in his research, but stated that he wished for Attribution theory not to be attributed to him because many different ideas and people were involved in the process. [5]
In his work on attribution theory, Fritz Heider noted that in ambiguous situations, people make attributions based on their own wants and needs, which are therefore often skewed. [1] He also explained that this tendency was rooted in a need to maintain a positive self-concept , later termed the self-serving bias .
Harold Kelley's covariation model (1967, 1971, 1972, 1973) [1] is an attribution theory in which people make causal inferences to explain why other people and ourselves behave in a certain way. It is concerned with both social perception and self-perception (Kelley, 1973).
According to his theory, people must pay attention to those around them first, retain what they have observed, and try to reproduce it. Bandura's theory is implemented in the aspect of on-the-job training, where the new employees observe first their trainer completing the tasks, before trying to perform the task themselves.
Locus of control as a theoretical construct derives from Julian B. Rotter's (1954) social learning theory of personality. It is an example of a problem-solving generalized expectancy, a broad strategy for addressing a wide range of situations.
The attribution-value model is a framework for understanding individual differences in prejudice, developed by Chris Crandall and colleagues. [1] It states that not only do minorities possess undesirable characteristics incongruent with the majority, but also that minorities are also responsible for them.
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