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In low nitrogen environments, heterocyst differentiation is triggered by the transcriptional regulator NtcA. NtcA influences heterocyst differentiation by signaling proteins involved in the process of heterocyst differentiation. For instance, NtcA controls the expression of several genes including HetR which is crucial for heterocyst ...
Intercalary located akinete of Dolichospermum smithii Terminally located akinete of Gloeotrichia Akinetes, also termed "cysts", of Haematococcus. An akinete is an enveloped, thick-walled, non-motile, dormant cell formed by both cyanobacteria and algae.
alectorioid lichen An informal growth form category used for lichens that are fruticose, typically with beard-like thalli that are pendant or clustered; this group of features is characteristic of lichens now classified in the genera Alectoria, Bryoria, Oropogon, Pseudephebe, and Sulcaria.
Spherical colonies of radiating straight trichomes (filaments without sheaths). Each trichome has an akinete as the basal cell near the center of the colony. Akinetes if present are adjacent the heterocyst. The primary morphology is trichomous (filamentous without sheaths), the secondary is colonial. The mucilaginous sheath is top short at the ...
Heterocyst cells are terminally specialized for nitrogen fixation. The interior of these cells is micro-oxic as a result of increased respiration, inactivation of O 2-producing photosystem (PS) II, and formation of a thickened envelope outside of the cell wall.
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The specialized heterocyst cell is necessary for the performance of nitrogenase as a result of its sensitivity to ambient oxygen. [32] Nitrogenase consist of two proteins, a catalytic iron-dependent protein, commonly referred to as MoFe protein and a reducing iron-only protein (Fe protein).