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Laminas, framework that includes a table data gateway and row data gateway implementations; Qcodo, ORM and framework, open source; Redbean, ORM layer for PHP, for creating and maintaining tables on the fly, open source, BSD; Skipper, visualization tool and a code/schema generator for PHP ORM frameworks, commercial
Compared to traditional techniques of exchange between an object-oriented language and a relational database, ORM often reduces the amount of code that needs to be written. [2] Disadvantages of ORM tools generally stem from the high level of abstraction obscuring what is actually happening in the implementation code. Also, heavy reliance on ORM ...
For example, think of A as Authors, and B as Books. An Author can write several Books, and a Book can be written by several Authors. In a relational database management system, such relationships are usually implemented by means of an associative table (also known as join table, junction table or cross-reference table), say, AB with two one-to-many relationships A → AB and B → AB.
Associative tables are colloquially known under many names, including association table, bridge table, cross-reference table, crosswalk, intermediary table, intersection table, join table, junction table, link table, linking table, many-to-many resolver, map table, mapping table, pairing table, pivot table (as used in Laravel—not to be ...
Single table inheritance is a way to emulate object-oriented inheritance in a relational database. When mapping from a database table to an object in an object-oriented language , a field in the database identifies what class in the hierarchy the object belongs to. [ 1 ]
In software engineering, a schema migration (also database migration, database change management) refers to the management of version-controlled, incremental and sometimes reversible changes to relational database schemas. A schema migration is performed on a database whenever it is necessary to update or revert that database's schema to some ...
Doctrine 1.x follows the active record pattern for working with data, where a class corresponds with a database table. For instance, if a programmer wanted to create a new "User" object in a database, they would no longer need to write SQL queries, but instead could use the following PHP code:
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd [12] in the early 1970s. [13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San ...