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  2. Philosophical pessimism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism

    The reason why the good has to happen to the same subject is because the miserable cannot feel the happiness of the joyful, and hence it has no effect on him. The reason why the good has to happen at the same time is because the future joy does not act backwards in time, and so it has no effect on the present state of the suffering individual.

  3. Condemnations of 1210–1277 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condemnations_of_1210–1277

    The Condemnation of 1210 was issued by the provincial synod of Sens, which included the Bishop of Paris as a member (at the time Pierre II de la Chapelle []). [3] The writings of a number of medieval scholars were condemned, apparently for pantheism, and it was further stated that: "Neither the books of Aristotle on natural philosophy or their commentaries are to be read at Paris in public or ...

  4. History of philosophy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophy

    The history of philosophy is the systematic study of the development of philosophical thought. It focuses on philosophy as rational inquiry based on argumentation, but some theorists also include myth, religious traditions, and proverbial lore. Western philosophy originated with an inquiry into the fundamental nature of the cosmos in Ancient ...

  5. History of philosophical pessimism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophical...

    Statue of the Buddha.. Historically, philosophical pessimism seems to have first presented itself in the East, under the partly religious aspect of Buddhism. [2] [3]: 130 In the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, Gautama Buddha establishes the first noble truth of duḥkha, or suffering, as the fundamental mark of existence: [4]

  6. Philosophy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy

    Philosophy is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language.It is a rational and critical inquiry that reflects on its methods and assumptions.

  7. Linguistic turn - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_turn

    The linguistic turn was a major development in Western philosophy during the early 20th century, the most important characteristic of which is the focusing of philosophy primarily on the relations between language, language users, and the world.

  8. Last man - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_man

    The last man (German: Letzter Mensch) is a term used by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche in Thus Spoke Zarathustra to describe the antithesis of his theorized superior being, the Übermensch, whose imminent appearance is heralded by Zarathustra.

  9. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel

    [246] This is why the history of philosophy, for instance, is integral to philosophy itself, it being literally impossible for early philosophers to think what later philosophers, afforded all the riches of their predecessors, could think – and perhaps, with this distance, work through more thoroughly or consistently. [247]