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Fourth bottom line is a concept extended from the triple bottom line; instead of simply focusing on the 3 Ps: people, planet and profit, this concept involves extending to a fourth factor which not only has motivation for a business but also transcends to a humanistic value and beyond by factoring in terms such as "spirituality", "ethics ...
[18] [2] McCarthy's 4 Ps have been widely adopted by both marketing academics and practitioners. [19] The prospect of extending the marketing mix first took hold at the inaugural AMA conference dedicated to Services Marketing in the early 1980s, and built on earlier theoretical works pointing to many important limitations of the 4 Ps model. [20]
The 4 Ps Edmund Jerome McCarthy (February 20, 1928 – December 3, 2015) was an American marketing professor and author. He proposed the concept of the 4 Ps marketing mix in his 1960 book Basic Marketing: A Managerial Approach , which has been one of the top textbooks in university marketing courses since its publication.
The report is not meant to be a replacement for traditional financial or operational reports but a succinct summary that captures the information most relevant to those reading it. It is the method by which this 'most relevant' information is determined (i.e., the design processes used to select the content) that most differentiates the various ...
Marketing strategy refers to efforts undertaken by an organization to increase its sales and achieve competitive advantage. [1] In other words, it is the method of advertising a company's products to the public through an established plan through the meticulous planning and organization of ideas, data, and information.
Porter's four corners model is a predictive tool designed by Michael Porter that helps in determining a competitor's course of action. Unlike other predictive models which predominantly rely on a firm's current strategy and capabilities to determine future strategy, Porter's model additionally calls for an understanding of what motivates the competitor.
Often success is simply the repeated, periodic achievement of some levels of operational goal (e.g. zero defects, 10/10 customer satisfaction), and sometimes success is defined in terms of making progress toward strategic goals. [4] Accordingly, choosing the right KPIs relies upon a good understanding of what is important to the organization. [5]
Business Analysis and Valuation Using Financial Statements: Text and Cases [2] is a textbook by Krishna Palepu and Paul Healy, which is widely used in worldwide MBA programs and finance courses. It is in its 5th edition, and also has an IFRS edition. [3] The fifth edition was released August 2012. [1]