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The Ford Nucleon concept car. The Ford Nucleon is a concept car developed by Ford in 1957, designed as a future nuclear-powered car —one of a handful of such designs during the 1950s and 1960s. The concept was only demonstrated as a scale model.
In the middle of the 1960s direct energy conversion was proposed as a method for capturing the energy from the exhaust gas in a fusion reactor. This would generate a direct current of electricity. Richard F. Post at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory was an early proponent of the idea. [1]
The experimental reactor was started (reached criticality) in 1964 and decommissioned in 1966, and was used to research the concept of direct energy conversion. [4] It produced 40 kW of heat, [ 2 ] [ 4 ] and reached temperatures of 2,173 K (1,900 °C; 3,452 °F).The reactor operated for 15 000 hrs .
The overall system could achieve as high as 14 W/kg with present collector technology and future AMTEC conversion efficiencies. [citation needed] The energy storage system has the potential to batteries, and the temperatures at which the system operates allows long life and reduced radiator size (heat-reject temperature of 600 K). [citation needed]
Currently, ATEGs are about 5% efficient. However, advancements in thin-film and quantum well technologies could increase efficiency up to 15% in the future. [5]The efficiency of an ATEG is governed by the thermoelectric conversion efficiency of the materials and the thermal efficiency of the two heat exchangers.
Streetcars created enormous demand for early electricity. This Siemens Tram from 1884 required 500 V direct current, which was typical. Much of early electricity was direct current, which could not easily be increased or decreased in voltage either for long-distance transmission or for sharing a common line to be used with multiple types of electric devices.
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A heat engine is any system that converts heat to mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work.They continue to be developed today. In engineering and thermodynamics, a heat engine performs the conversion of heat energy to mechanical work by exploiting the temperature gradient between a hot "source" and a cold "sink".