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Fake news websites are those which intentionally, but not necessarily solely, publish hoaxes and disinformation for purposes other than news satire. Some of these sites use homograph spoofing attacks, typosquatting and other deceptive strategies similar to those used in phishing attacks to resemble genuine news outlets. [1] [2] [3]
One of the criticisms of Cleanfeed is its lack of transparency. This is a consequence of the list of blocked sites being secret. There are no safeguards to stop sites unrelated to child pornography being added to the list as a result of policy changes. [19] It thus has a potential for the censorship of materials outside of its original remit.
On February 1, 1999, Judge Lowell A. Reed Jr. of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania granted a preliminary injunction blocking COPA enforcement. [4] In 1999, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit upheld the injunction and struck down the law, ruling that it was too broad in using "community standards" as part of the definition of harmful materials.
The Children's Internet Protection Act (CIPA) requires that U.S. schools have appropriate measures in place to protect students from obscene or harmful online content in order to be eligible for discounts on internet access or internal connections through the Schools and Libraries Program of the Universal Service Fund, commonly known as the E-Rate program. [2]
CIPA requires K-12 schools and libraries using E-Rate discounts to operate "a technology protection measure with respect to any of its computers with Internet access that protects against access through such computers to visual depictions that are obscene, child pornography, or harmful to minors". Such a technology protection measure must be ...
Some mental health experts, however, say characterizing children as "good" or "bad" on a list can limit personal growth and inflict shame, sometimes for developmentally appropriate behavior.
The law also states that anyone who provides material deemed "harmful to minors"— defined as showing "nudity, sexual conduct, sexual excitement, or sadomasochistic abuse" while also being in the ...
Fake news website that has published claims about the pilot of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 reappearing, a billionaire wanting to recruit 1,000 women to bear his children, and an Adam Sandler death hoax. [173] [174] [175] LiveMonitor livemonitor.co.za Fake news website in South Africa, per Africa Check, an IFCN signatory. [133] lockerdome.com