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Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), is due to problems with either the hypothalamus or pituitary gland affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPG axis). [1] Hypothalamic disorders result from a deficiency in the release of gonadotropic releasing hormone ( GnRH ), while pituitary gland disorders are due to a deficiency in the release ...
Kallmann syndrome is a form of a group of conditions termed hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. [1] To distinguish it from other forms of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, Kallmann syndrome has the additional symptom of a total lack of sense of smell (anosmia) or a reduced sense of smell.
The genetic and molecular basis of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. To date, at least 25 different genes have been implicated in causing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency conditions such as Kallmann syndrome (KS) or other forms of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) through a disruption in the production or activity of GnRH.
Hypogonadism resulting from hypothalamic or pituitary defects is termed hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), secondary hypogonadism, or central hypogonadism (referring to the central nervous system). [3] Examples of hypothalamic defects include Kallmann syndrome. Examples of pituitary defects include hypopituitarism and pituitary hypoplasia.
A clinical diagnosis of testosterone deficiency should only be made when patients have low levels of testosterone combined with symptoms and/or signs of low T. ... Hypogonadism is associated with ...
In females, functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (FHH) (or functional hypothalamic amenorrhea) is part of the differential diagnosis for GnRH insensitivity. The presence of predisposing factors like excessive exercise, weight loss, or psychological stress point towards the diagnosis of FHH rather than GnRH insensitivity.
The symptoms have already been mentioned above, this section will be used to denote the onset of these symptoms: The cerebellar ataxia associated with this syndrome often appears in adolescence-early adulthood, chorioretinal dystrophy usually appears between the age of 50 and 60 years old, and the hypogonadotropic hypogonadism appears in late childhood-adolescence.
[4] [9] FHA is a diagnosis of exclusion, because the diagnosis can only be made when menstruation has ceased in that absence of organic or anatomic pathology, [4] [3] [11] [9] and thus the evaluation should be used to rule out organic causes of amenorrhea (e.g., pregnancy, thyroid disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, etc.) [4] [9 ...
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