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  2. Empirical evidence for the spherical shape of Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_evidence_for_the...

    A "true circumnavigation" of Earth is defined, in order to account for the shape of Earth, to be about 2.5 times as long, including a crossing of the equator, at about 40,000 km (25,000 mi). [24] On the flat Earth model, the ratios would require the Antarctic Circle to be 2.5 times the length of the circumnavigation, or 2.5 × 2.5 = 6.25 times ...

  3. Figure of the Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth

    The curvature of the Earth is evident in the horizon across the image, and the bases of the buildings on the far shore are below that horizon and hidden by the sea. The simplest model for the shape of the entire Earth is a sphere. The Earth's radius is the distance from Earth's center to its surface, about 6,371 km (3,959 mi). While "radius ...

  4. Spherical Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_Earth

    as the shape of the geoid, the mean sea level of the world ocean; or; as the shape of Earth's land surface as it rises above and falls below the sea. As the science of geodesy measured Earth more accurately, the shape of the geoid was first found not to be a perfect sphere but to approximate an oblate spheroid, a specific type of ellipsoid.

  5. Equatorial bulge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_bulge

    The planet Earth has a rather slight equatorial bulge; its equatorial diameter is about 43 km (27 mi) greater than its polar diameter, with a difference of about 1 ⁄ 298 of the equatorial diameter. If Earth were scaled down to a globe with an equatorial diameter of 1 metre (3.3 ft), that difference would be only 3 mm (0.12 in).

  6. Geoid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoid

    This is due to magma distributions, the density and weight of different geological compositions in the Earth's crust, mountain ranges, deep sea trenches, crust compaction due to glaciers, and so on. If that sphere were then covered in water, the water would not be the same height everywhere.

  7. Earth - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth

    Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. This is enabled by Earth being an ocean world, the only one in the Solar System sustaining liquid surface water. Almost all of Earth's water is contained in its global ocean, covering 70.8% of Earth's crust.

  8. Bedford Level experiment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedford_Level_experiment

    The Old Bedford River, photographed from the bridge at Welney, Norfolk (2008); the camera is looking downstream, south-west of the bridge. The Bedford Level experiment was a series of observations carried out along a 6-mile (10 km) length of the Old Bedford River on the Bedford Level of the Cambridgeshire Fens in the United Kingdom during the 19th and early 20th centuries to deny the curvature ...

  9. Geocentric model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model

    He further described his system by explaining the natural tendencies of the terrestrial elements: earth, water, fire, air, as well as celestial aether. His system held that earth was the heaviest element, with the strongest movement towards the center, thus water formed a layer surrounding the sphere of Earth.