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Flow cytometry (FC) is a technique used to detect and measure the physical and chemical characteristics of a population of cells or particles. [1] [2] [3] [4]In this process, a sample containing cells or particles is suspended in a fluid and injected into the flow cytometer instrument.
Flow cytometry is by far the most sophisticated and expensive method for cell counting. In a flow cytometer the cells flow in a narrow stream in front of a laser beam. The beam hits them one by one, and a light detector picks up the light that is reflected from the cells.
Flow cytometry is often used to establish the clonal nature of the plasma cells, which will generally express only kappa or lambda light chain. Cytogenetics may also be performed in myeloma for prognostic purposes, including a myeloma-specific fluorescent in situ hybridization and virtual karyotype .
An illustration depicting primary tumor (in the form of tumor microenvironment) and the circulating tumor cells. A circulating tumor cell (CTC) is a cancer cell from a primary tumor that has shed into the blood of the circulatory system, or the lymph of the lymphatic system. [1]
Cell cycle analysis by DNA content measurement is a method that most frequently employs flow cytometry to distinguish cells in different phases of the cell cycle.Before analysis, the cells are usually permeabilised and treated with a fluorescent dye that stains DNA quantitatively, such as propidium iodide (PI) or 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI).
Detection of fluorescent probe binding by the cells requires the use of flow cytometry preferably employing 6 to 8 different fluorescent probes that bind to different markers on 5 million cells from the patient's blood. The table also includes the percentage of MLB cases with the phenotype and the malignancies to which they progress.
Cytometry is the measurement of number and characteristics of cells. Variables that can be measured by cytometric methods include cell size , cell count , cell morphology (shape and structure), cell cycle phase, DNA content, and the existence or absence of specific proteins on the cell surface or in the cytoplasm . [ 1 ]
For example, a common application of cytopathology is the Pap smear, a screening tool used to detect precancerous cervical lesions that may lead to cervical cancer. Cytopathologic tests are sometimes called smear tests because the samples may be smeared across a glass microscope slide [ 4 ] for subsequent staining and microscopic examination.